Romans 5:18

Therefore as by the offence of one judgment came upon all men to condemnation; even so by the righteousness of one the free gift came upon all men unto justification of life.

Romans 5:18 (KJV)

Context

In Romans 5:12-17, Paul contrasts the effects of Adam’s sin and Jesus’ righteousness. Adam’s sin brought condemnation and death to all humanity, while Jesus’ sacrifice brought justification and life to all who believe in Him. This verse is the climax of that comparison.

Meaning

Paul begins by referring to the “offence of one,” which is Adam’s disobedience. Through Adam’s sin, judgment came upon all humanity, and the consequence was condemnation. This emphasises the universal impact of sin and the resulting separation from God.

Paul contrasts Adam’s offense with the righteousness of Jesus Christ. The “one” here refers to Jesus Christ, who, through His obedience and sacrificial death on the cross, provided redemption and reconciliation with God. Jesus’ righteousness stands in stark contrast to Adam’s sin, offering hope and a way to be justified before God.

Paul highlights that the righteousness of Jesus is not earned but received as a free gift. Just as condemnation came upon all humanity through Adam’s sin, the free gift of justification and life is made available to all through Jesus Christ. Justification refers to being declared righteous by God, and it is through faith in Jesus that believers receive this gift and are reconciled to God, obtaining eternal life.

Biblical connections

The parallel between Adam and Christ is central to Paul’s argument. As condemnation came through one man’s offense, so justification of life comes through one man’s righteousness. The “all men” in the second clause refers to all who belong to the second Adam, all his seed and offspring, who receive the free gift. This justification was conceived in the mind of God from eternity, when His elect were ordained to eternal life on the basis of His Son’s righteousness.

Application

This verse assures believers that salvation is a free gift, not a reward for works. It is a legal declaration that entitles the believer to eternal life. The sentence of justification passes upon the conscience of a sinner at the moment of believing, giving them a right and title to everlasting life.

Reflection

Consider the profound contrast: Adam’s one act brought condemnation, but Christ’s one act brings justification and life. This truth calls us to respond in faith, receiving the free gift and living in the reality of being declared righteous before God.